// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

#include "parquet/page_index.h"
#include "parquet/encoding.h"
#include "parquet/encryption/encryption_internal.h"
#include "parquet/encryption/internal_file_decryptor.h"
#include "parquet/encryption/internal_file_encryptor.h"
#include "parquet/exception.h"
#include "parquet/metadata.h"
#include "parquet/schema.h"
#include "parquet/statistics.h"
#include "parquet/thrift_internal.h"

#include "arrow/util/int_util_overflow.h"
#include "arrow/util/logging_internal.h"
#include "arrow/util/unreachable.h"

#include <limits>
#include <numeric>

namespace parquet {

namespace {

template <typename DType>
void Decode(std::unique_ptr<typename EncodingTraits<DType>::Decoder>& decoder,
            const std::string& input, std::vector<typename DType::c_type>* output,
            size_t output_index) {
  if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(output_index >= output->size())) {
    throw ParquetException("Index out of bound");
  }

  decoder->SetData(/*num_values=*/1, reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(input.c_str()),
                   static_cast<int>(input.size()));
  const auto num_values = decoder->Decode(&output->at(output_index), /*max_values=*/1);
  if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(num_values != 1)) {
    throw ParquetException("Could not decode statistics value");
  }
}

template <>
void Decode<BooleanType>(std::unique_ptr<BooleanDecoder>& decoder,
                         const std::string& input, std::vector<bool>* output,
                         size_t output_index) {
  if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(output_index >= output->size())) {
    throw ParquetException("Index out of bound");
  }

  bool value;
  decoder->SetData(/*num_values=*/1, reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(input.c_str()),
                   static_cast<int>(input.size()));
  const auto num_values = decoder->Decode(&value, /*max_values=*/1);
  if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(num_values != 1)) {
    throw ParquetException("Could not decode statistics value");
  }
  output->at(output_index) = value;
}

template <>
void Decode<ByteArrayType>(std::unique_ptr<ByteArrayDecoder>&, const std::string& input,
                           std::vector<ByteArray>* output, size_t output_index) {
  if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(output_index >= output->size())) {
    throw ParquetException("Index out of bound");
  }

  if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(input.size() >
                          static_cast<size_t>(std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()))) {
    throw ParquetException("Invalid encoded byte array length");
  }

  output->at(output_index) = {/*len=*/static_cast<uint32_t>(input.size()),
                              /*ptr=*/reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(input.data())};
}

template <typename DType>
class TypedColumnIndexImpl : public TypedColumnIndex<DType> {
 public:
  using T = typename DType::c_type;

  TypedColumnIndexImpl(const ColumnDescriptor& descr, format::ColumnIndex column_index)
      : column_index_(std::move(column_index)) {
    // Make sure the number of pages is valid and it does not overflow to int32_t.
    const size_t num_pages = column_index_.null_pages.size();
    if (num_pages >= static_cast<size_t>(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()) ||
        column_index_.min_values.size() != num_pages ||
        column_index_.max_values.size() != num_pages ||
        (column_index_.__isset.null_counts &&
         column_index_.null_counts.size() != num_pages)) {
      throw ParquetException("Invalid column index");
    }

    const size_t num_non_null_pages = static_cast<size_t>(std::accumulate(
        column_index_.null_pages.cbegin(), column_index_.null_pages.cend(), 0,
        [](int32_t num_non_null_pages, bool null_page) {
          return num_non_null_pages + (null_page ? 0 : 1);
        }));
    DCHECK_LE(num_non_null_pages, num_pages);

    // Allocate slots for decoded values.
    min_values_.resize(num_pages);
    max_values_.resize(num_pages);
    non_null_page_indices_.reserve(num_non_null_pages);

    // Decode min and max values according to the physical type.
    // Note that null page are skipped.
    auto plain_decoder = MakeTypedDecoder<DType>(Encoding::PLAIN, &descr);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_pages; ++i) {
      if (!column_index_.null_pages[i]) {
        // The check on `num_pages` has guaranteed the cast below is safe.
        non_null_page_indices_.emplace_back(static_cast<int32_t>(i));
        Decode<DType>(plain_decoder, column_index_.min_values[i], &min_values_, i);
        Decode<DType>(plain_decoder, column_index_.max_values[i], &max_values_, i);
      }
    }
    DCHECK_EQ(num_non_null_pages, non_null_page_indices_.size());
  }

  const std::vector<bool>& null_pages() const override {
    return column_index_.null_pages;
  }

  const std::vector<std::string>& encoded_min_values() const override {
    return column_index_.min_values;
  }

  const std::vector<std::string>& encoded_max_values() const override {
    return column_index_.max_values;
  }

  BoundaryOrder::type boundary_order() const override {
    return LoadEnumSafe(&column_index_.boundary_order);
  }

  bool has_null_counts() const override { return column_index_.__isset.null_counts; }

  const std::vector<int64_t>& null_counts() const override {
    return column_index_.null_counts;
  }

  const std::vector<int32_t>& non_null_page_indices() const override {
    return non_null_page_indices_;
  }

  const std::vector<T>& min_values() const override { return min_values_; }

  const std::vector<T>& max_values() const override { return max_values_; }

  bool has_definition_level_histograms() const override {
    return column_index_.__isset.definition_level_histograms;
  }

  bool has_repetition_level_histograms() const override {
    return column_index_.__isset.repetition_level_histograms;
  }

  const std::vector<int64_t>& definition_level_histograms() const override {
    return column_index_.definition_level_histograms;
  }

  const std::vector<int64_t>& repetition_level_histograms() const override {
    return column_index_.repetition_level_histograms;
  }

 private:
  /// Wrapped thrift column index.
  const format::ColumnIndex column_index_;
  /// Decoded typed min/max values. Undefined for null pages.
  std::vector<T> min_values_;
  std::vector<T> max_values_;
  /// A list of page indices for non-null pages.
  std::vector<int32_t> non_null_page_indices_;
};

class OffsetIndexImpl : public OffsetIndex {
 public:
  explicit OffsetIndexImpl(const format::OffsetIndex& offset_index) {
    page_locations_.reserve(offset_index.page_locations.size());
    for (const auto& page_location : offset_index.page_locations) {
      page_locations_.emplace_back(PageLocation{page_location.offset,
                                                page_location.compressed_page_size,
                                                page_location.first_row_index});
    }
    if (offset_index.__isset.unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes) {
      unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes_ = offset_index.unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes;
    }
  }

  const std::vector<PageLocation>& page_locations() const override {
    return page_locations_;
  }

  const std::vector<int64_t>& unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes() const override {
    return unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes_;
  }

 private:
  std::vector<PageLocation> page_locations_;
  std::vector<int64_t> unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes_;
};

class RowGroupPageIndexReaderImpl : public RowGroupPageIndexReader {
 public:
  RowGroupPageIndexReaderImpl(::arrow::io::RandomAccessFile* input,
                              std::shared_ptr<RowGroupMetaData> row_group_metadata,
                              const ReaderProperties& properties,
                              int32_t row_group_ordinal,
                              const RowGroupIndexReadRange& index_read_range,
                              InternalFileDecryptor* file_decryptor)
      : input_(input),
        row_group_metadata_(std::move(row_group_metadata)),
        properties_(properties),
        row_group_ordinal_(row_group_ordinal),
        index_read_range_(index_read_range),
        file_decryptor_(file_decryptor) {}

  /// Read column index of a column chunk.
  std::shared_ptr<ColumnIndex> GetColumnIndex(int32_t i) override {
    if (i < 0 || i >= row_group_metadata_->num_columns()) {
      throw ParquetException("Invalid column index at column ordinal ", i);
    }

    auto col_chunk = row_group_metadata_->ColumnChunk(i);
    auto column_index_location = col_chunk->GetColumnIndexLocation();
    if (!column_index_location.has_value()) {
      return nullptr;
    }

    CheckReadRangeOrThrow(*column_index_location, index_read_range_.column_index,
                          row_group_ordinal_);

    if (column_index_buffer_ == nullptr) {
      column_index_buffer_ =
          ReadIndexBuffer(index_read_range_.column_index->offset,
                          index_read_range_.column_index->length, "ColumnIndex");
    }

    int64_t buffer_offset =
        column_index_location->offset - index_read_range_.column_index->offset;
    // ColumnIndex::Make() requires the type of serialized thrift message to be
    // uint32_t
    uint32_t length = static_cast<uint32_t>(column_index_location->length);
    auto descr = row_group_metadata_->schema()->Column(i);

    // Get decryptor of column index if encrypted.
    std::unique_ptr<Decryptor> decryptor =
        InternalFileDecryptor::GetColumnMetaDecryptorFactory(
            file_decryptor_, col_chunk->crypto_metadata().get())();
    if (decryptor != nullptr) {
      UpdateDecryptor(decryptor.get(), row_group_ordinal_, /*column_ordinal=*/i,
                      encryption::kColumnIndex);
    }

    return ColumnIndex::Make(*descr, column_index_buffer_->data() + buffer_offset, length,
                             properties_, decryptor.get());
  }

  /// Read offset index of a column chunk.
  std::shared_ptr<OffsetIndex> GetOffsetIndex(int32_t i) override {
    if (i < 0 || i >= row_group_metadata_->num_columns()) {
      throw ParquetException("Invalid offset index at column ordinal ", i);
    }

    auto col_chunk = row_group_metadata_->ColumnChunk(i);
    auto offset_index_location = col_chunk->GetOffsetIndexLocation();
    if (!offset_index_location.has_value()) {
      return nullptr;
    }

    CheckReadRangeOrThrow(*offset_index_location, index_read_range_.offset_index,
                          row_group_ordinal_);

    if (offset_index_buffer_ == nullptr) {
      offset_index_buffer_ =
          ReadIndexBuffer(index_read_range_.offset_index->offset,
                          index_read_range_.offset_index->length, "OffsetIndex");
    }

    int64_t buffer_offset =
        offset_index_location->offset - index_read_range_.offset_index->offset;
    // OffsetIndex::Make() requires the type of serialized thrift message to be
    // uint32_t
    uint32_t length = static_cast<uint32_t>(offset_index_location->length);

    // Get decryptor of offset index if encrypted.
    std::unique_ptr<Decryptor> decryptor =
        InternalFileDecryptor::GetColumnMetaDecryptorFactory(
            file_decryptor_, col_chunk->crypto_metadata().get())();
    if (decryptor != nullptr) {
      UpdateDecryptor(decryptor.get(), row_group_ordinal_, /*column_ordinal=*/i,
                      encryption::kOffsetIndex);
    }

    return OffsetIndex::Make(offset_index_buffer_->data() + buffer_offset, length,
                             properties_, decryptor.get());
  }

 private:
  static void CheckReadRangeOrThrow(
      const IndexLocation& index_location,
      const std::optional<::arrow::io::ReadRange>& index_read_range,
      int32_t row_group_ordinal) {
    if (!index_read_range.has_value()) {
      throw ParquetException("Missing page index read range of row group ",
                             row_group_ordinal,
                             ", it may not exist or has not been requested");
    }

    /// The coalesced read range is invalid.
    if (index_read_range->offset < 0 || index_read_range->length <= 0) {
      throw ParquetException("Invalid page index read range: offset ",
                             index_read_range->offset, " length ",
                             index_read_range->length);
    }

    /// The location to page index itself is corrupted.
    if (index_location.offset < 0 || index_location.length <= 0) {
      throw ParquetException("Invalid page index location: offset ",
                             index_location.offset, " length ", index_location.length);
    }

    /// Page index location must be within the range of the read range.
    if (index_location.offset < index_read_range->offset ||
        index_location.offset + index_location.length >
            index_read_range->offset + index_read_range->length) {
      throw ParquetException("Page index location [offset:", index_location.offset,
                             ",length:", index_location.length,
                             "] is out of range from previous WillNeed request [offset:",
                             index_read_range->offset,
                             ",length:", index_read_range->length,
                             "], row group: ", row_group_ordinal);
    }
  }

  std::shared_ptr<Buffer> ReadIndexBuffer(int64_t offset, int64_t length,
                                          const char* offset_kind) {
    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(auto buffer, input_->ReadAt(offset, length));
    if (buffer->size() < length) {
      throw ParquetException("Invalid or truncated ", offset_kind, ": attempted to read ",
                             length, " bytes but got only ", buffer->size(), " bytes");
    }
    return buffer;
  }

  /// The input stream that can perform random access read.
  ::arrow::io::RandomAccessFile* input_;

  /// The row group metadata to get column chunk metadata.
  std::shared_ptr<RowGroupMetaData> row_group_metadata_;

  /// Reader properties used to deserialize thrift object.
  const ReaderProperties& properties_;

  /// The ordinal of the row group in the file.
  int32_t row_group_ordinal_;

  /// File offsets and sizes of the page Index of all column chunks in the row group.
  RowGroupIndexReadRange index_read_range_;

  /// File-level decryptor.
  InternalFileDecryptor* file_decryptor_;

  /// Buffer to hold the raw bytes of the page index.
  /// Will be set lazily when the corresponding page index is accessed for the 1st time.
  std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Buffer> column_index_buffer_;
  std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Buffer> offset_index_buffer_;
};

class PageIndexReaderImpl : public PageIndexReader {
 public:
  PageIndexReaderImpl(::arrow::io::RandomAccessFile* input,
                      std::shared_ptr<FileMetaData> file_metadata,
                      const ReaderProperties& properties,
                      InternalFileDecryptor* file_decryptor)
      : input_(input),
        file_metadata_(std::move(file_metadata)),
        properties_(properties),
        file_decryptor_(file_decryptor) {}

  std::shared_ptr<RowGroupPageIndexReader> RowGroup(int i) override {
    if (i < 0 || i >= file_metadata_->num_row_groups()) {
      throw ParquetException("Invalid row group ordinal: ", i);
    }

    auto row_group_metadata = file_metadata_->RowGroup(i);

    // Find the read range of the page index of the row group if provided by WillNeed()
    RowGroupIndexReadRange index_read_range;
    auto iter = index_read_ranges_.find(i);
    if (iter != index_read_ranges_.cend()) {
      /// This row group has been requested by WillNeed(). Only column index and/or
      /// offset index of requested columns can be read.
      index_read_range = iter->second;
    } else {
      /// If the row group has not been requested by WillNeed(), by default both column
      /// index and offset index of all column chunks for the row group can be read.
      index_read_range =
          PageIndexReader::DeterminePageIndexRangesInRowGroup(*row_group_metadata, {});
    }

    if (index_read_range.column_index.has_value() ||
        index_read_range.offset_index.has_value()) {
      return std::make_shared<RowGroupPageIndexReaderImpl>(
          input_, std::move(row_group_metadata), properties_, i, index_read_range,
          file_decryptor_);
    }

    /// The row group does not has page index or has not been requested by WillNeed().
    /// Simply returns nullptr.
    return nullptr;
  }

  void WillNeed(const std::vector<int32_t>& row_group_indices,
                const std::vector<int32_t>& column_indices,
                const PageIndexSelection& selection) override {
    std::vector<::arrow::io::ReadRange> read_ranges;
    for (int32_t row_group_ordinal : row_group_indices) {
      auto read_range = PageIndexReader::DeterminePageIndexRangesInRowGroup(
          *file_metadata_->RowGroup(row_group_ordinal), column_indices);
      if (selection.column_index && read_range.column_index.has_value()) {
        read_ranges.push_back(*read_range.column_index);
      } else {
        // Mark the column index as not requested.
        read_range.column_index = std::nullopt;
      }
      if (selection.offset_index && read_range.offset_index.has_value()) {
        read_ranges.push_back(*read_range.offset_index);
      } else {
        // Mark the offset index as not requested.
        read_range.offset_index = std::nullopt;
      }
      index_read_ranges_.emplace(row_group_ordinal, std::move(read_range));
    }
    PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(input_->WillNeed(read_ranges));
  }

  void WillNotNeed(const std::vector<int32_t>& row_group_indices) override {
    for (int32_t row_group_ordinal : row_group_indices) {
      index_read_ranges_.erase(row_group_ordinal);
    }
  }

 private:
  /// The input stream that can perform random read.
  ::arrow::io::RandomAccessFile* input_;

  /// The file metadata to get row group metadata.
  std::shared_ptr<FileMetaData> file_metadata_;

  /// Reader properties used to deserialize thrift object.
  const ReaderProperties& properties_;

  /// File-level decryptor.
  InternalFileDecryptor* file_decryptor_;

  /// Coalesced read ranges of page index of row groups that have been suggested by
  /// WillNeed(). Key is the row group ordinal.
  std::unordered_map<int32_t, RowGroupIndexReadRange> index_read_ranges_;
};

/// \brief Internal state of page index builder.
enum class BuilderState {
  /// Created but not yet write any data.
  kCreated,
  /// Some data are written but not yet finished.
  kStarted,
  /// All data are written and no more write is allowed.
  kFinished,
  /// The builder has corrupted data or empty data and therefore discarded.
  kDiscarded
};

template <typename DType>
class ColumnIndexBuilderImpl final : public ColumnIndexBuilder {
 public:
  using T = typename DType::c_type;

  explicit ColumnIndexBuilderImpl(const ColumnDescriptor* descr) : descr_(descr) {
    /// Initialize the null_counts vector as set. Invalid null_counts vector from
    /// any page will invalidate the null_counts vector of the column index.
    column_index_.__isset.null_counts = true;
    column_index_.boundary_order = format::BoundaryOrder::UNORDERED;
  }

  void AddPage(const EncodedStatistics& stats,
               const SizeStatistics& size_stats) override {
    if (state_ == BuilderState::kFinished) {
      throw ParquetException("Cannot add page to finished ColumnIndexBuilder.");
    } else if (state_ == BuilderState::kDiscarded) {
      /// The offset index is discarded. Do nothing.
      return;
    }

    state_ = BuilderState::kStarted;

    if (stats.all_null_value) {
      column_index_.null_pages.emplace_back(true);
      column_index_.min_values.emplace_back("");
      column_index_.max_values.emplace_back("");
    } else if (stats.has_min && stats.has_max) {
      const size_t page_ordinal = column_index_.null_pages.size();
      non_null_page_indices_.emplace_back(page_ordinal);
      column_index_.min_values.emplace_back(stats.min());
      column_index_.max_values.emplace_back(stats.max());
      column_index_.null_pages.emplace_back(false);
    } else {
      /// This is a non-null page but it lacks of meaningful min/max values.
      /// Discard the column index.
      state_ = BuilderState::kDiscarded;
      return;
    }

    if (column_index_.__isset.null_counts && stats.has_null_count) {
      column_index_.null_counts.emplace_back(stats.null_count);
    } else {
      column_index_.__isset.null_counts = false;
      column_index_.null_counts.clear();
    }

    if (size_stats.is_set()) {
      const auto& page_def_level_hist = size_stats.definition_level_histogram;
      const auto& page_ref_level_hist = size_stats.repetition_level_histogram;
      column_index_.definition_level_histograms.insert(
          column_index_.definition_level_histograms.end(), page_def_level_hist.cbegin(),
          page_def_level_hist.cend());
      column_index_.repetition_level_histograms.insert(
          column_index_.repetition_level_histograms.end(), page_ref_level_hist.cbegin(),
          page_ref_level_hist.cend());
    }
  }

  void Finish() override {
    switch (state_) {
      case BuilderState::kCreated: {
        /// No page is added. Discard the column index.
        state_ = BuilderState::kDiscarded;
        return;
      }
      case BuilderState::kFinished:
        throw ParquetException("ColumnIndexBuilder is already finished.");
      case BuilderState::kDiscarded:
        // The column index is discarded. Do nothing.
        return;
      case BuilderState::kStarted:
        break;
    }

    state_ = BuilderState::kFinished;

    /// Clear null_counts vector because at least one page does not provide it.
    if (!column_index_.__isset.null_counts) {
      column_index_.null_counts.clear();
    }

    /// Decode min/max values according to the data type.
    const size_t non_null_page_count = non_null_page_indices_.size();
    std::vector<T> min_values, max_values;
    min_values.resize(non_null_page_count);
    max_values.resize(non_null_page_count);
    auto decoder = MakeTypedDecoder<DType>(Encoding::PLAIN, descr_);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < non_null_page_count; ++i) {
      auto page_ordinal = non_null_page_indices_.at(i);
      Decode<DType>(decoder, column_index_.min_values.at(page_ordinal), &min_values, i);
      Decode<DType>(decoder, column_index_.max_values.at(page_ordinal), &max_values, i);
    }

    /// Decide the boundary order from decoded min/max values.
    auto boundary_order = DetermineBoundaryOrder(min_values, max_values);
    column_index_.__set_boundary_order(ToThrift(boundary_order));

    // Finalize level histogram.
    const int64_t num_pages = column_index_.null_pages.size();
    const int64_t def_level_hist_size = column_index_.definition_level_histograms.size();
    const int64_t rep_level_hist_size = column_index_.repetition_level_histograms.size();
    if (def_level_hist_size != 0 &&
        def_level_hist_size != (descr_->max_definition_level() + 1) * num_pages) {
      std::stringstream ss;
      ss << "Invalid definition level histogram size: " << def_level_hist_size
         << ", expected: " << (descr_->max_definition_level() + 1) * num_pages;
      throw ParquetException(ss.str());
    }
    if (rep_level_hist_size != 0 &&
        rep_level_hist_size != (descr_->max_repetition_level() + 1) * num_pages) {
      std::stringstream ss;
      ss << "Invalid repetition level histogram size: " << rep_level_hist_size
         << ", expected: " << (descr_->max_repetition_level() + 1) * num_pages;
      throw ParquetException(ss.str());
    }
    column_index_.__isset.definition_level_histograms =
        !column_index_.definition_level_histograms.empty();
    column_index_.__isset.repetition_level_histograms =
        !column_index_.repetition_level_histograms.empty();
  }

  void WriteTo(::arrow::io::OutputStream* sink, Encryptor* encryptor) const override {
    if (state_ == BuilderState::kFinished) {
      ThriftSerializer{}.Serialize(&column_index_, sink, encryptor);
    }
  }

  std::unique_ptr<ColumnIndex> Build() const override {
    if (state_ == BuilderState::kFinished) {
      return std::make_unique<TypedColumnIndexImpl<DType>>(*descr_, column_index_);
    }
    return nullptr;
  }

 private:
  BoundaryOrder::type DetermineBoundaryOrder(const std::vector<T>& min_values,
                                             const std::vector<T>& max_values) const {
    DCHECK_EQ(min_values.size(), max_values.size());
    if (min_values.empty()) {
      return BoundaryOrder::Unordered;
    }

    std::shared_ptr<TypedComparator<DType>> comparator;
    try {
      comparator = MakeComparator<DType>(descr_);
    } catch (const ParquetException&) {
      /// Simply return unordered for unsupported comparator.
      return BoundaryOrder::Unordered;
    }

    /// Check if both min_values and max_values are in ascending order.
    bool is_ascending = true;
    for (size_t i = 1; i < min_values.size(); ++i) {
      if (comparator->Compare(min_values[i], min_values[i - 1]) ||
          comparator->Compare(max_values[i], max_values[i - 1])) {
        is_ascending = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (is_ascending) {
      return BoundaryOrder::Ascending;
    }

    /// Check if both min_values and max_values are in descending order.
    bool is_descending = true;
    for (size_t i = 1; i < min_values.size(); ++i) {
      if (comparator->Compare(min_values[i - 1], min_values[i]) ||
          comparator->Compare(max_values[i - 1], max_values[i])) {
        is_descending = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (is_descending) {
      return BoundaryOrder::Descending;
    }

    /// Neither ascending nor descending is detected.
    return BoundaryOrder::Unordered;
  }

  const ColumnDescriptor* descr_;
  format::ColumnIndex column_index_;
  std::vector<size_t> non_null_page_indices_;
  BuilderState state_ = BuilderState::kCreated;
};

class OffsetIndexBuilderImpl final : public OffsetIndexBuilder {
 public:
  OffsetIndexBuilderImpl() = default;

  void AddPage(int64_t offset, int32_t compressed_page_size, int64_t first_row_index,
               std::optional<int64_t> unencoded_byte_array_length) override {
    if (state_ == BuilderState::kFinished) {
      throw ParquetException("Cannot add page to finished OffsetIndexBuilder.");
    } else if (state_ == BuilderState::kDiscarded) {
      /// The offset index is discarded. Do nothing.
      return;
    }

    state_ = BuilderState::kStarted;

    format::PageLocation page_location;
    page_location.__set_offset(offset);
    page_location.__set_compressed_page_size(compressed_page_size);
    page_location.__set_first_row_index(first_row_index);
    offset_index_.page_locations.emplace_back(std::move(page_location));
    if (unencoded_byte_array_length.has_value()) {
      offset_index_.unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes.emplace_back(
          unencoded_byte_array_length.value());
    }
  }

  void Finish(int64_t final_position) override {
    switch (state_) {
      case BuilderState::kCreated: {
        /// No pages are added. Simply discard the offset index.
        state_ = BuilderState::kDiscarded;
        break;
      }
      case BuilderState::kStarted: {
        /// Adjust page offsets according the final position.
        if (final_position > 0) {
          for (auto& page_location : offset_index_.page_locations) {
            page_location.__set_offset(page_location.offset + final_position);
          }
        }

        // Finalize unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes and make sure page sizes match.
        if (offset_index_.page_locations.size() ==
            offset_index_.unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes.size()) {
          offset_index_.__isset.unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes = true;
        } else if (!offset_index_.unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes.empty()) {
          std::stringstream ss;
          ss << "Invalid count of unencoded BYTE_ARRAY data bytes: "
             << offset_index_.unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes.size()
             << ", expected page count: " << offset_index_.page_locations.size();
          throw ParquetException(ss.str());
        }

        state_ = BuilderState::kFinished;
        break;
      }
      case BuilderState::kFinished:
      case BuilderState::kDiscarded:
        throw ParquetException("OffsetIndexBuilder is already finished");
    }
  }

  void WriteTo(::arrow::io::OutputStream* sink, Encryptor* encryptor) const override {
    if (state_ == BuilderState::kFinished) {
      ThriftSerializer{}.Serialize(&offset_index_, sink, encryptor);
    }
  }

  std::unique_ptr<OffsetIndex> Build() const override {
    if (state_ == BuilderState::kFinished) {
      return std::make_unique<OffsetIndexImpl>(offset_index_);
    }
    return nullptr;
  }

 private:
  format::OffsetIndex offset_index_;
  BuilderState state_ = BuilderState::kCreated;
};

class PageIndexBuilderImpl final : public PageIndexBuilder {
 public:
  explicit PageIndexBuilderImpl(const SchemaDescriptor* schema,
                                InternalFileEncryptor* file_encryptor)
      : schema_(schema), file_encryptor_(file_encryptor) {}

  void AppendRowGroup() override {
    if (finished_) {
      throw ParquetException(
          "Cannot call AppendRowGroup() to finished PageIndexBuilder.");
    }

    // Append new builders of next row group.
    const auto num_columns = static_cast<size_t>(schema_->num_columns());
    column_index_builders_.emplace_back();
    offset_index_builders_.emplace_back();
    column_index_builders_.back().resize(num_columns);
    offset_index_builders_.back().resize(num_columns);

    DCHECK_EQ(column_index_builders_.size(), offset_index_builders_.size());
    DCHECK_EQ(column_index_builders_.back().size(), num_columns);
    DCHECK_EQ(offset_index_builders_.back().size(), num_columns);
  }

  ColumnIndexBuilder* GetColumnIndexBuilder(int32_t i) override {
    CheckState(i);
    std::unique_ptr<ColumnIndexBuilder>& builder = column_index_builders_.back()[i];
    if (builder == nullptr) {
      builder = ColumnIndexBuilder::Make(schema_->Column(i));
    }
    return builder.get();
  }

  OffsetIndexBuilder* GetOffsetIndexBuilder(int32_t i) override {
    CheckState(i);
    std::unique_ptr<OffsetIndexBuilder>& builder = offset_index_builders_.back()[i];
    if (builder == nullptr) {
      builder = OffsetIndexBuilder::Make();
    }
    return builder.get();
  }

  void Finish() override { finished_ = true; }

  void WriteTo(::arrow::io::OutputStream* sink,
               PageIndexLocation* location) const override {
    if (!finished_) {
      throw ParquetException("Cannot call WriteTo() to unfinished PageIndexBuilder.");
    }

    location->column_index_location.clear();
    location->offset_index_location.clear();

    /// Serialize column index ordered by row group ordinal and then column ordinal.
    SerializeIndex(column_index_builders_, sink, &location->column_index_location);

    /// Serialize offset index ordered by row group ordinal and then column ordinal.
    SerializeIndex(offset_index_builders_, sink, &location->offset_index_location);
  }

 private:
  /// Make sure column ordinal is not out of bound and the builder is in good state.
  void CheckState(int32_t column_ordinal) const {
    if (finished_) {
      throw ParquetException("PageIndexBuilder is already finished.");
    }
    if (column_ordinal < 0 || column_ordinal >= schema_->num_columns()) {
      throw ParquetException("Invalid column ordinal: ", column_ordinal);
    }
    if (offset_index_builders_.empty() || column_index_builders_.empty()) {
      throw ParquetException("No row group appended to PageIndexBuilder.");
    }
  }

  std::shared_ptr<Encryptor> GetColumnMetaEncryptor(int row_group_ordinal,
                                                    int column_ordinal,
                                                    int8_t module_type) const {
    std::shared_ptr<Encryptor> encryptor;
    if (file_encryptor_ != nullptr) {
      const auto column_path = schema_->Column(column_ordinal)->path()->ToDotString();
      encryptor = file_encryptor_->GetColumnMetaEncryptor(column_path);
      if (encryptor != nullptr) {
        encryptor->UpdateAad(encryption::CreateModuleAad(
            encryptor->file_aad(), module_type, row_group_ordinal, column_ordinal,
            kNonPageOrdinal));
      }
    }
    return encryptor;
  }

  template <typename Builder>
  void SerializeIndex(
      const std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Builder>>>& page_index_builders,
      ::arrow::io::OutputStream* sink,
      std::map<size_t, std::vector<std::optional<IndexLocation>>>* location) const {
    const auto num_columns = static_cast<size_t>(schema_->num_columns());
    constexpr int8_t module_type = std::is_same_v<Builder, ColumnIndexBuilder>
                                       ? encryption::kColumnIndex
                                       : encryption::kOffsetIndex;

    /// Serialize the same kind of page index row group by row group.
    for (size_t row_group = 0; row_group < page_index_builders.size(); ++row_group) {
      const auto& row_group_page_index_builders = page_index_builders[row_group];
      DCHECK_EQ(row_group_page_index_builders.size(), num_columns);

      bool has_valid_index = false;
      std::vector<std::optional<IndexLocation>> locations(num_columns, std::nullopt);

      /// In the same row group, serialize the same kind of page index column by column.
      for (size_t column = 0; column < num_columns; ++column) {
        const auto& column_page_index_builder = row_group_page_index_builders[column];
        if (column_page_index_builder != nullptr) {
          /// Get encryptor if encryption is enabled.
          std::shared_ptr<Encryptor> encryptor = GetColumnMetaEncryptor(
              static_cast<int>(row_group), static_cast<int>(column), module_type);

          /// Try serializing the page index.
          PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(int64_t pos_before_write, sink->Tell());
          column_page_index_builder->WriteTo(sink, encryptor.get());
          PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(int64_t pos_after_write, sink->Tell());
          int64_t len = pos_after_write - pos_before_write;

          /// The page index is not serialized and skip reporting its location
          if (len == 0) {
            continue;
          }

          if (len > std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()) {
            throw ParquetException("Page index size overflows to INT32_MAX");
          }
          locations[column] = {pos_before_write, static_cast<int32_t>(len)};
          has_valid_index = true;
        }
      }

      if (has_valid_index) {
        location->emplace(row_group, std::move(locations));
      }
    }
  }

  const SchemaDescriptor* schema_;
  InternalFileEncryptor* file_encryptor_;
  std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ColumnIndexBuilder>>> column_index_builders_;
  std::vector<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OffsetIndexBuilder>>> offset_index_builders_;
  bool finished_ = false;
};

}  // namespace

void OffsetIndexBuilder::AddPage(const PageLocation& page_location,
                                 const SizeStatistics& size_stats) {
  this->AddPage(
      page_location.offset, page_location.compressed_page_size,
      page_location.first_row_index,
      size_stats.is_set() ? size_stats.unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes : std::nullopt);
}

RowGroupIndexReadRange PageIndexReader::DeterminePageIndexRangesInRowGroup(
    const RowGroupMetaData& row_group_metadata, const std::vector<int32_t>& columns) {
  int64_t ci_start = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
  int64_t oi_start = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
  int64_t ci_end = -1;
  int64_t oi_end = -1;

  auto merge_range = [](const std::optional<IndexLocation>& index_location,
                        int64_t* start, int64_t* end) {
    if (index_location.has_value()) {
      int64_t index_end = 0;
      if (index_location->offset < 0 || index_location->length <= 0 ||
          ::arrow::internal::AddWithOverflow(index_location->offset,
                                             index_location->length, &index_end)) {
        throw ParquetException("Invalid page index location: offset ",
                               index_location->offset, " length ",
                               index_location->length);
      }
      *start = std::min(*start, index_location->offset);
      *end = std::max(*end, index_end);
    }
  };

  if (columns.empty()) {
    for (int32_t i = 0; i < row_group_metadata.num_columns(); ++i) {
      auto col_chunk = row_group_metadata.ColumnChunk(i);
      merge_range(col_chunk->GetColumnIndexLocation(), &ci_start, &ci_end);
      merge_range(col_chunk->GetOffsetIndexLocation(), &oi_start, &oi_end);
    }
  } else {
    for (int32_t i : columns) {
      if (i < 0 || i >= row_group_metadata.num_columns()) {
        throw ParquetException("Invalid column ordinal ", i);
      }
      auto col_chunk = row_group_metadata.ColumnChunk(i);
      merge_range(col_chunk->GetColumnIndexLocation(), &ci_start, &ci_end);
      merge_range(col_chunk->GetOffsetIndexLocation(), &oi_start, &oi_end);
    }
  }

  RowGroupIndexReadRange read_range;
  if (ci_end != -1) {
    read_range.column_index = {ci_start, ci_end - ci_start};
  }
  if (oi_end != -1) {
    read_range.offset_index = {oi_start, oi_end - oi_start};
  }
  return read_range;
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Public factory functions

std::unique_ptr<ColumnIndex> ColumnIndex::Make(const ColumnDescriptor& descr,
                                               const void* serialized_index,
                                               uint32_t index_len,
                                               const ReaderProperties& properties,
                                               Decryptor* decryptor) {
  format::ColumnIndex column_index;
  ThriftDeserializer deserializer(properties);
  deserializer.DeserializeMessage(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(serialized_index),
                                  &index_len, &column_index, decryptor);
  if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(LoadEnumSafe(&column_index.boundary_order) ==
                          BoundaryOrder::UNDEFINED)) {
    // Guard against UB when moving column_index
    throw ParquetException("Invalid ColumnIndex boundary_order");
  }
  switch (descr.physical_type()) {
    case Type::BOOLEAN:
      return std::make_unique<TypedColumnIndexImpl<BooleanType>>(descr,
                                                                 std::move(column_index));
    case Type::INT32:
      return std::make_unique<TypedColumnIndexImpl<Int32Type>>(descr,
                                                               std::move(column_index));
    case Type::INT64:
      return std::make_unique<TypedColumnIndexImpl<Int64Type>>(descr,
                                                               std::move(column_index));
    case Type::INT96:
      return std::make_unique<TypedColumnIndexImpl<Int96Type>>(descr,
                                                               std::move(column_index));
    case Type::FLOAT:
      return std::make_unique<TypedColumnIndexImpl<FloatType>>(descr,
                                                               std::move(column_index));
    case Type::DOUBLE:
      return std::make_unique<TypedColumnIndexImpl<DoubleType>>(descr,
                                                                std::move(column_index));
    case Type::BYTE_ARRAY:
      return std::make_unique<TypedColumnIndexImpl<ByteArrayType>>(
          descr, std::move(column_index));
    case Type::FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY:
      return std::make_unique<TypedColumnIndexImpl<FLBAType>>(descr,
                                                              std::move(column_index));
    case Type::UNDEFINED:
      return nullptr;
  }
  ::arrow::Unreachable("Cannot make ColumnIndex of an unknown type");
  return nullptr;
}

std::unique_ptr<OffsetIndex> OffsetIndex::Make(const void* serialized_index,
                                               uint32_t index_len,
                                               const ReaderProperties& properties,
                                               Decryptor* decryptor) {
  format::OffsetIndex offset_index;
  ThriftDeserializer deserializer(properties);
  deserializer.DeserializeMessage(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(serialized_index),
                                  &index_len, &offset_index, decryptor);
  return std::make_unique<OffsetIndexImpl>(offset_index);
}

std::shared_ptr<PageIndexReader> PageIndexReader::Make(
    ::arrow::io::RandomAccessFile* input, std::shared_ptr<FileMetaData> file_metadata,
    const ReaderProperties& properties, InternalFileDecryptor* file_decryptor) {
  return std::make_shared<PageIndexReaderImpl>(input, std::move(file_metadata),
                                               properties, file_decryptor);
}

std::unique_ptr<ColumnIndexBuilder> ColumnIndexBuilder::Make(
    const ColumnDescriptor* descr) {
  switch (descr->physical_type()) {
    case Type::BOOLEAN:
      return std::make_unique<ColumnIndexBuilderImpl<BooleanType>>(descr);
    case Type::INT32:
      return std::make_unique<ColumnIndexBuilderImpl<Int32Type>>(descr);
    case Type::INT64:
      return std::make_unique<ColumnIndexBuilderImpl<Int64Type>>(descr);
    case Type::INT96:
      return std::make_unique<ColumnIndexBuilderImpl<Int96Type>>(descr);
    case Type::FLOAT:
      return std::make_unique<ColumnIndexBuilderImpl<FloatType>>(descr);
    case Type::DOUBLE:
      return std::make_unique<ColumnIndexBuilderImpl<DoubleType>>(descr);
    case Type::BYTE_ARRAY:
      return std::make_unique<ColumnIndexBuilderImpl<ByteArrayType>>(descr);
    case Type::FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY:
      return std::make_unique<ColumnIndexBuilderImpl<FLBAType>>(descr);
    case Type::UNDEFINED:
      return nullptr;
  }
  ::arrow::Unreachable("Cannot make ColumnIndexBuilder of an unknown type");
  return nullptr;
}

std::unique_ptr<OffsetIndexBuilder> OffsetIndexBuilder::Make() {
  return std::make_unique<OffsetIndexBuilderImpl>();
}

std::unique_ptr<PageIndexBuilder> PageIndexBuilder::Make(
    const SchemaDescriptor* schema, InternalFileEncryptor* file_encryptor) {
  return std::make_unique<PageIndexBuilderImpl>(schema, file_encryptor);
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const PageIndexSelection& selection) {
  out << "PageIndexSelection{column_index = " << selection.column_index
      << ", offset_index = " << selection.offset_index << "}";
  return out;
}

}  // namespace parquet
